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Instructional design is the process by which the learning needs of the society are analyzed and through systematic development of instructional and educational technology instructional design models are created to enhance the instruction process. The instructional designers use these technologies as well as multimedia tools to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of learning experiences. The process involves identifying the current state and needs of the learner and then creating models to facilitate transfer of knowledge and skills to the learner to achieve the end goals. Models help us to actually make sense of the world we live in.

There are many theories of instructional design that have evolved over a period of time. Benjamin Bloom put forward a theory based on three domains of learning, namely cognitive, which means what one knows; psychomotor, which means what one does; and affective, which means what one feels. The cognitive load theory of the 1990’s has begun to be internationally accepted. In this it is believed that the information should be presented in small but meaningful chunks. The designers also use audio and visual methods of communication. In the learning design theory a generic and flexible language is used to express much different pedagogy.

There are many instructional design models that have been developed over a period of time, the most common being the ADDIE model. This stands for five phases.

*Analyze: where the learner’s needs, characteristics, and everything related to the learner is analyzed properly.

*Design: where the learning objectives are determined and then an approach to the learning method is designed.

*Develop: where the teaching materials are created to aid in the process of learning.

*Implement: where the materials and design developed are implemented and delivered to the recipient.

*Evaluate: where the evaluation is done to determine whether or not the materials and the instruments used achieved the desired goals.

Most of the recent instructional design models are based on variations of ADDIE.

Another well-followed model is the Dick and Carey Systems Approach Model. In this, there is a systematic connection between context, content, learning, and instruction. According to this model all the components need to interact with each other and work jointly to achieve the desired goal. The components of the system are

• Identify Instructional Goal(s)
• Conduct Instructional Analysis
• Analyze Learners and Contexts
• Write Performance Objectives
• Develop Assessment Instruments
• Develop Instructional Strategy
• Develop and Select Instructional Materials
• Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation of Instruction
• Revise Instruction
• Design and Conduct Summative Evaluation

There are many other useful instructional design models like the instructional design learning system, OAR model, etc.

Instructional design model explains the relationship between the information we already have and the new information we are trying to learn. It represents a framework of thinking. The end goal should be achieved without compromising on the content.

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